What Are Count Nouns in English Grammar

Importance Of Recess And Play Time For Small Children

The Importance of Recess and Play Time for Small Children Recess and play time has been the hallmark of any school life since formal education was established. Teachers, parents, caregivers and psychologists have all proven how essential play time is to a child’s cognitive, emotional, social, fine motor skills and language development. The decision by the school board to eliminate recess and play time and to increase classroom learning activity for small children to meet ‘universal standards’ or compete with China is backward thinking, to say the least. â€Å"The problem arise when standards are driven by motives other than what is best for children† (Mooney, 2013, p. 92). Not only that, but the decision to eliminate recess and play time â€Å"are both unfair to individual children and unachievable by most teachers† she noted. Children learn best when they are active while learning. While we all can agree that mathematic is crucial and a structured classroom curriculum to meet the demands of a global society are important, other life skills, which are also important, are provided in an environment where the child is free to direct his/her learning, which often relies heavily on play. In her book Theories of Childhood, Mooney (2013) wrote that Erik Erikson believed â€Å"if we encourage preschool children to use their energy in an active and involved way, their confidence will grow. Their competence will increase.† This means that recess and play time are critical to development.Show MoreRelatedThe Importance of Break Time or Playtime in Primary School2243 Words   |  9 Pageson how they look at break time or playtime. Many people fail to give importance on break time or playtime in primary school. Thus, the duration given for playtime in primary school level has eventually reduced down the years. The NF (2014) states that ‘school breaktimes are getting shorter despite pupils and teachers recognizing them as an important opportunity for physical exercise and socializing’. Rochman (2012) mentioned that ‘playtime can be as important as class time for helping students performRead MoreThe Importance Of Recess And Time For Physical Activity2233 Words   |  9 Pagesbreaks or recess, children are asked to focus for a longer period of time than most adults do in a day. Everyone benefits from breaks in the day and these coffee or recess breaks allow people to return to a task more focused and with improved concentration. Removing recess and unstructured physical activity time from the school day can have a serious impact on children’s health and well-being. Recess and time for physical activity is not only important to the overall health of children, it also providesRead MoreThe Importance Of Recess And Time For Physical Activity2227 Words   |  9 Pagesbreaks or recess, children are asked to focus for a lon ger period of time than most adults do in a day. Everyone benefits from breaks in the day and these coffee or recess breaks allow people to return to a task more focused and with improved concentration. Removing recess and unstructured physical activity time from the school day can have a serious impact on children’s health and well-being. Recess and time for physical activity is not only important to the overall health of children, it also providesRead MoreTaking a Look at Childhood Obesity1842 Words   |  7 Pagespopulation. It also stands as the most prevalent medical issue in American Children. In the past thirty years, obesity has affected many different age groups of kids. Preschool group, two to five years in age, and the youths between the ages of twelve and nineteen the obesity rate has more than doubled (Childhood Obesity Statistics and Facts 2v007). Childhood obesity has more than tripled in kid’s ages six to eleven years old. Children can become obese du e to many different things like parents or schoolsRead MoreThe Observation of a 5 Year Old Boy2209 Words   |  9 PagesPlay Observation Checklist Observer:_______________ Play Setting:_______________________ Date:_____________ Approximate Child Age:___ Child Gender: M F Hand Preference: L R Initiation of Play Observed Yes No Comments / Questions Behavior Child quickly engages in play Child requires help in getting started Child needs encouragement Child directs his/her own play Child shows initiative or curiosity Child appears impulsive Child initiatesRead MoreEffect Of Prejudice On The Film Of Miss Elliot s Classroom953 Words   |  4 Pagesgot in a fight during recess because a student felt the need to call another â€Å"brown eyed† and dehumanize him, resulting in a negative encounter. This form of prejudice is often the result of discrimination, rather than its cause. As Miss Elliott expressed the possessions of the inferior, these students began to act as though these traits were true. For example, the students in the inferior group started to believe they were not smart enough, and in result they took more time on their tasks and couldRead MoreThe Importance of Childrens Play1653 Words   |  7 PagesThe importance of play in young children cannot be stressed enough. It has be shown numerous times through research the benefits that play can have. When you think of children playing it brings a smile to your face. The importance of play definitely plays a big role in a child’s life especially between the ages of 5 to 7. What does â€Å"play† mean? There are many different types of definitions because everyone â€Å"plays† differently. Play â€Å"engage in activity for enjoyment and recreation rather than aRead MoreMusic Education At A Youn g Age1194 Words   |  5 PagesToday, school districts have been devaluing the importance of music. School districts are forced to cut spending on music education and replace it with other important classes, such as physical education. Music classes were the first to be cut because given a small to budget elementary schools, school officials have seen that music classes were unnecessary to education and believe that it has no benefit. I disagree with this statement because I believe it is crucial to have music education at a youngRead MoreMy Reflection On My Experience In A Classroom1282 Words   |  6 Pagesin such a short amount of time. However, I firmly believe that these observations have allowed me to add to my experiences and knowledge regarding my future in this career field. Coming into this internship program, my main goal was to learn how to teach lessons. My focus was geared towards learning methods and strategies that would help aid students towards the best path of s uccess. While I still feel adamant about the importance of those methods and strategies, my time in this classroom over theRead MoreWolves: Keeping Nature in Balance Essay1057 Words   |  5 Pages hunting our children, killing our livestock, taking the best deer. Having a wolf hunting season seems like a no brainer, right? But what if that’s not how wolves are, what if they are innocent, so to say. Should they be hunted? The short answer is no. There should not be a wolf hunting season because many of the thoughts on wolves are incorrect; hunting would compromise wolf studies, and the population is already suffering. We have all heard of the Big Bad Wolf, stalking children and spreading

Developing An Operational Plan Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Development of an operational plan for a business? 2.How Operational plan helps a business to be more successful? Answers: 1. An operational plan refers to a specific plan prepared by the management of a company which clearly defines the action requires to support the objectives and plan of the upper management. Operational plan determines how human resources, financial resources and physical resources are going to be allocated perfectly so that short term goals of a specific organization can be achieved (Cummings and Worley 2014). Well known companies like Apple Co. and Starbucks develops operational plans to ensure success in the long run. In order to develop an effective strategic plan, the following step needs to be followed: Getting stated with the strategic plan Considering the fact that operational plan is a tool for efficiently carrying out strategic plan, it is crucial to have a strong strategic plan and all the employers and employees in the organization are aware of it. An operational plan can only be developed if the managers of the organization already have a well developed strategic plan. Focusing on the crucial goals The next step is to breakdown the strategic plan into a one year objectives and thus creating crucial short time goals (Rummler and Brache 2012). After that, the managers need to determine the key initiatives which will help the organization to achieve the goals. Some of the possible key initiatives are: New Organizational structure Greater productivity and faster delivery Quality control measures Approximately three to five initiatives should be chosen by the management that will bring about a long term success to the organization and then metrics should be identified which will help the managers to measure the progress. Usage of leading indicators It is crucial to choose the right Key Performance Indicators for the success of the operational plan. There are two types of indicators to choose from in order to develop an operational plan. While leading indicators help the managers to determine future expectations and allow the management to adjust the course accordingly, lagging indicators often end up showing the loopholes of the plan only after it is too late. Some of the examples of efficient leading indicators are call-per-week and sales meeting. An organization, based on its previous experiences, can decide the number of calls needed to complete a sale. These will in turn, help the organization to understand whether it is on the track to meet sales goals or not. Efficient development of KPIs Considering the fact that the chosen Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) will be guiding the management for the next one year, a wide variety of perspective should be drawn within the team while developing KPIs (Slack, Brandon-Jones and Johnston 2013). While small organizations can involve all the employees while developing KPIs, large organizations should restrict the participation to the leadership teams. Establishing effective communication While developing KPIs it is really important that the manager of the Organization to effectively communicate with all the employees of the organization. This is because, every employee should understand the reason behind choosing the specific matrices and how these matrices will help the organization to achieve its goals along with the role of each employee in order to achieve ultimate success. One of the most effective ways to establish effective communication is to hold meetings on every week in order to discuss the issues and the progress of the organization associated with the KPIs. It is also important for the team members to track their personal progress with the help of dashboards, meetings or by any other means. 2. Operational plan does impose a positive impact on various areas of an organization. An effective operational plan helps the managers of an organization to set the goal and achieve targets and objectives. Apart from developing the operational side of the management, Operational plan also ensure the development of the physical side of the management of an organization that includes employee management and the progress of the business on daily basis. Apart from that, an organization can be more successful by implementing an operational plan which provides direction, encourage focus and align the employees with the companys strategic plans. Operational planning is a crucial part of the management since it keeps the resources and the department functioning throughout the year (Weick 2012). Operational plan enhances the competitive advantages of an organization by increasing the efficiency of the resources and employees. It helps the business to be more successful by developing and shar pening the strategies and by evaluating the current situation of the business. Once the organization develops the understanding of its current position, Operational plan helps the managers to avoid confusion and focus on the most essential objectives. References Cummings, T.G. and Worley, C.G., 2014.Organization development and change. Cengage learning, pp. 345-367 Rummler, G.A. and Brache, A.P., 2012.Improving performance: How to manage the white space on the organization chart. John Wiley Sons, pp. 235-256 Slack, N., Brandon-Jones, A. and Johnston, R., 2013.Operations management. Pearson, pp. 129-203 Weick, K.E., 2012.Making sense of the organization, Volume 2: The impermanent organization(Vol. 2). John Wiley Sons, pp. 218-230

Personal Navigation Devices free essay sample

Personal Navigation Devices (PNDs) TM 583 Why have personal navigation devices (PND) become popular? What technologies are required to facilitate the success of PNDs? PND’s are featured in both handheld and vehicle models. These devices assist the user to determine the most efficient path of travel. It can save the selections to memory. The internet updates these devices regularly with new data. GPS satellite technology can give the location of the device. Other than just giving you a point A to point B, it has become a useful tool. Who are some of the leaders in PNDs? What are the likely factors that will contribute to winning in this marketplace? Garmin, Magellan, TomTom and Motorola are popular. These devices have been readily adaptable to most situations. These devices have become a dependable technology for the vehicle. Saving time and giving an efficient way to conserve fuel and time. The prices have been reducing in price every year. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Navigation Devices or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What will be a likely future for PNDs? There are 114 million devices worldwide and that number is only expected to grow more. The immediate threat to this market is factory-placed navigation systems incorporated with new vehicles. Individuals are also using their mobiles as a PND. Mobile towers can triangulate their position. Smartphones can use mobile towers and GPS satellites for a location. The market for PNDs is still growing where campers, hunters and hikers are concerned. They depend almost entirely on GPS satellites. Apply as many TCOs to PND devices as possible. TCO A- TOMTOM has created a PND through innovation of a product that is multi-useful and dependable. The system runs on the ATamp;T Network. It is dependable and user-friendly to the vehicle owning public.

Hide seek poem analysis Essay Example

Hide seek poem analysis Essay The poems first two lines are very childlike and give the impression of an innocent game of hide and seek. The alliteration of the s sound in line two sets a seaside scene. Line three, however, plants a seed of doubt in my mind. The phrase salty dark is a little suspect and shady, it makes me think that something isnt perhaps as it first seems. The next line reads But be careful that your feet arent sticking out, this line returns to a jovial and childlike tone once again. It forms a perfect rhyming couplet with the next line Wiser not to make another shout. The floor is cold, this touches once again on the more ominous feel of the verse, but again, the cheerful pitch of the poem returns with Whatever happens you mustnt sneeze. Then the line continues When they come prowling in prowling is a rather sombre choice of word and once again the doubt is back.. And there they are, whispering at the door, Youve never heard them so hushed before. Dont breathe. Dont move. Stay dumb. Hide in your blindness. Theyre moving closer, someone stutters, mutters. Their words and laughter scuffle; and theyre gone. These few lines are very dramatic and assure us that there is definitely something foreboding with this seemingly usual game of hide and seek that opened the poem. Vernon Scannett uses several short, punchy sentences for impact and they make the poem sound panicked and very tense. It is now as though the person is desperately hiding from an enemy rather than just playing a game with peers. It is as though the person has suddenly realised something about the people who are looking for him. The next lines are as if the person is trying to reassure himself that everything is going to be fine. We will write a custom essay sample on Hide seek poem analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Hide seek poem analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Hide seek poem analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It seems a long time since they went away. Your legs are stiff, the cold bites through your coat. The dark damp smell of sand moves in your throat. These three lines are particularly chilling and quite disturbing. The reference to stiff legs conjures up a corpse-like picture in my mind. The phrase about cold biting through the coat is menacing and sets a dark scene. The choking imagery is also very unpleasant, and portrays an image of death. Its time to let them know you are the winner. Push off the sacks. Uncurl and stretch. Thats better. This, to me sounds like a last ditch attempt to stay positive and convince oneself that everything will be fine. The darkening garden watches. Nothing stirs. The bushes hold their breath; the sun is gone. Yes, here you are. But where are they who sought you? The poem opened with an instruction Call out and ends with a question But where are those who sought you? This demonstrates very well how the tone was incredibly certain and positive at the beginning. However the confidence gradually fades away as the realisation of abandonment occurs, and the poem ends on a note of intense fear and anxiety. The poem is obviously not merely about a childhood game but has a deeper and more symbolic meaning. It could, for example, be interpreted as being about life in a Godless universe. The child is a Christian and believes that God will always be with them. God will find them, like the story of the lost sheep, wherever they go or hide. The child in the poem could symbolise a Christian, convinced and confident of being found, no matter where he is. Then doubt creeps in and realisation occurs, e.g. And there they are: whispering at the door; Youve never heard them so hushed before. From this point forward the seeker is portrayed as the enemy. The setting of the poem now changes to a dark, cold and unpleasant place to be as solitude sets in. For the child this place is the tool shed, but for the Christian it could be the world without God governing it. The darkening garden watches. Nothing stirs. The bushes hold their breath; the sun is gone. These two lines support my theory; the garden is relevant to Christianity, because of the garden of Eden. Also the sun is gone could have a parallel meaning Jesus, the son of God is gone from the Christians life. Perhaps the message of the poem is that we cannot hide from God and expect him to find us. In order to be a true Christian, we must fully embrace God into our lives, not renounce him. Only if we actively seek and welcome God into our lives will we be assured a life of contentment, free from the fear of solitude.

Developmental Psychology Final Review Essays

Developmental Psychology Final Review Essays Developmental Psychology Final Review Paper Developmental Psychology Final Review Paper Psychology Final ReviewBehavioral Modification- a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones (good behavior is reinforced)   Ã‚  Classical Conditioning- a type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about a response (dog responds to bell thinks of food)   Operant Conditioning- a form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative responses (different from classical because is voluntary unlike classical when dog hears bells, he starts to salivate)   Cohort- a group of people born at around the same time in the same place      Correlational Research- research that seeks to identify whether an association or relationship between two factors exist Critical Period- a specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest conseq uences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli are necessary for development to proceed normally   Dependent Variable- the variable the researchers measure   Experimental Research- research designed to discover casual relationships between various factors (cause and effect)   Humanistic Approach- the theory contending that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives and control their behavior (Rogers and Maslow, hierarchy of needs)   Independent Variable- thing being manipulated in experiment   Information Processing Approach- the model that seeks to identify the ways individuals take in, use and store information   Maturation- the predetermined unfolding of genetic information     Naturalistic Observation- naturally occurring behavior is observed without intervention in the situation   Ã‚  Psychoanalytical Theory- the theory proposed by Freud suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior   Ps ychodynamic Perspective- the approach that states behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories and conflicts that are generally beyond people’s awareness and control (Freud and Erikson)   Sensitive Period- a point in development when organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences. Social-Cognitive Learning Theory- learning by observing the behavior of another person called a model   Dizygotic twins- twins who are produced when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at the same time (fraternal twins)   DNA- he substance that genes are composed of that determines the nature of every cell in the body and how each will function     Embryonic Stage the period from 2 to 8 weeks   Fetal Stage- the stage 8 weeks- till birth Genotype- the underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism      Germinal Stage- the first and shortest stage of prenatal period, first two weeks following conception Monozygotic twins- identical twins    Phenotype- an observable trait, trait that is actually seen   Zygote- the new cell formed by the process of fertilization   APGAR scale-   A- appearance   P- pulse G- grimace   A- activity R- respiration    Post-mature Infants- Infants still unborn 2 weeks after the mother’s due date     Reflexes- unlearned , organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli     Cerebral Cortex- the upper layer of the brain   Myelin- a fatty substance that helps insulate neurons and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses   Neuron- the basic nerve cell of the nervous system   Plasticity- the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is modifiable due to experience   Principle of the independence systems- the principle that different body systems grow at differe nt rates   SID’s- the unexplained death of a seemingly healthy baby     Synapse Synaptic Pruning- the elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation   Accommodation- changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events   Assimilation- the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking   Babbling- making speech-like but meaningless sounds   Ã‚  Information Processing Approaches- the model that seeks to identify the way individuals take in, use and store information     Object Permanence- the realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen     Overextension- the overly broad use of words (all cars are trucks)   Scheme- an organized pattern of sensorimotor functioning   Sensorimotor Stage (of cognitive development) Piagets initial stage of cognitive development has 6 substages    Ainsworth Strange Situation- a sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and mother   Ambilivalant Attachment- a style of attachment in which children display a combination o f positive and negative reactions to their mothers, they show great distress when mother      leaves, but upon her return they may imultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her   Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt- (aged 18 months to 3 years) develop independence and autonomy if they allowed the freedom to explore or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted or overprotected Avoidant Attachment Theory- a style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother     Empathy- an emotional response corresponds to the feelings of another person   Psychological Development (Erikson theory)- the theory that considers how individuals come to understand themselves and the meaning of others and their own behavior   Personality- the su m total of the enduring characteristics that differinate one individual from another    Social Referencing- the intentional search for information about others’ feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events    Stranger Anxiety- the caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person   Trust vs Mistrust Stage- the period where infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on how well their needs are met by their caregivers   Goodness-of-Fit- the notion that development is dependent on the degree of match between children’s temperament and the nature demands of the environment in which they are raised (high-activity high irritability children need direction) Handedness- the preference of using one hand over the other (will see by 7 months)   Lateralization- the process in which certain cognitive functions are located more in one hemisphere of the brain than in the other   Obesity- bod y weight more than 20% higher than the average weight for a person of a given age or height   Autobiographical Memory- memory of particular events form one’s own life (usually after age 3)   Centration- the processing of concentrating on one limited aspect of a stimulus and ignoring other aspects (dominate preschoolers learning)     Conservation- the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects   Egocentric Thought- thinking that does not take into account the viewpoints of others   Fast Mapping- instances in which new words are with their meaning after only brief encounter   (‘s understood as more than one)   Intuitive Thought- thinking that reflects preschoolers use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world     Operations-organized, formal, logical mental processes   Pragmatics- aspect of language that refers to communicating effectively and appropriately with othe rs   Preoperational Stage- (ages 2 to 7) in which childrens use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges. nd the use of concepts increases   Scaffolding- the support for learning and problem solving that encourages independence and growth     Syntax- the way in which an individual combines words and phrases to form sentences   Transformation- the process in which one state is changed into another   Zone of Proximal Development- according to Vygotsky, the level at which a child can almost, but not fully perform a task independently, but can do so with the assistance of someone more competent     Abstract Modeling- the process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles Androgynous- a state in which gender roles encompass characteristics thought typical of both sexes (female both sensitive and strong) Associative Play- 2 or more children interact with one another by borrowing or sharing toys, but do not do the sa me thing Cooperative Play- children genuinely interact with each other, taking turns   Parallel Play- play with similar toys in similar manner but do not interact   Cycle of Violence Hypothesis- the neglect and abuse children suffer predispose them to do the sameRace Dissonance- the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people   Resilience- the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical damage   Aggression- intentional harm or injury to another person   Initiative vs Guilt Stage- (ages 3 to 6) experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action   Speech Impairment- speech that deviates so much from the speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication   Stuttering- substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech   Learning Disabilities- difficulties in the acquisition and use of li stening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning or math   Acceleration- special   programs that allow gifted students to move ahead at their own pace, even if   this means skipping to higher grade levels. Concrete operational stage- the   period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is   characterized by the active, and appropriate, use of logic. Crystallizing intelligence- the   accumulation of information, skills, and strategies that people have learned   through experience and that they can apply in problem solving situations. Cultural assimilation model- the model that fostered the view of American society as the   proverbial melting pot. Decentering- the   ability to take multiple aspects of a situation into account. Enrichment- an approach   through which students are kept at grade level but are enrolled in special   programs and given individual activities to allow greater depth of study on a   given topic. Intelligence quotient (or IQ score)- a measure of intelligence that takes Into account a student’s mental and chronological age. Mental retardation (intellectual   disability)- a significantly subaverage level of intellectual   functioning that occurs with related limitations in 2 or more skill areas. Metalinguistic awareness- an understanding of one’s own use of language. Industry VS Inferiority stage- the period from age 6 to 12   characterized by a focus on efforts to attain competence in meeting the   challenges presented by parents, peers, school, and the other complexities of   the modern world. Status- the evaluation   of a role or person by other relevant members of a group or society. Encoding- initial recording of information Storage- information saved for further use Retrieval- recovery of stored information Autominazation- is degree to which an activity requires attention   Neuron-basic cells of the nervous system Dendrites- at one end, using a cluster of fibers can communicate Neurotransmitters- chemical messengers Synapses- neurotransmitters travel across these small gaps| neurotransmitter Communication with other neurons- Reflex that disappears after six months is startle self-awareness An 18 month old who stares in the mirror- Erikson argued that each of his 8 stages represent crisis CHROMOSOME The rod shaped parts of DNA that come in 23 pair Habituation Newborns shows interest in a toy for a short period of time the get bored Which one is manipulated and measured? Independent and dependent Which Erikson stage at 18 months- autonomy vs shame and doubt Stranger anxiety- around or after 6 months, peaks at 14 months, less anxiety with woman and/with children Social referencing- fairly sophisticated social ability using social cues like facial expression and the meaning of those social cues in the context of a specific situation Cephalocaudal principle- growth follows the pattern that begins with head and upper body and proceeds down Eyesight is not measured on APGAR scale Appearance Pulse Grimace Activity Respiration Brain damaged- cerebral cortex Automization- degree to which activity requires attention Critical period specific time during development when a particular event has it greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is need for development to proceed normally 0besity body weight more than 20% higher than the average weight for a person of a given age and heightConservation is the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objectsEgocentric Thought has two forms lack of awareness that others see things from a different physical perspective (behavior acts as a trigger to others reactions and responses) failure to realize that others may hold thoughts, feelings and points of view that differ from theirsFast Mapping new words are associated with their meaning after only a brief encounter (this is a wog there are 2 ______ children know the rules about plurals) by age 6, the average child has a vocabulary of around 14,000 words vocabulary acquired at a rate of one new word every 2 hours, 24 hou rs a day  Pre-Operational Stage according to Piaget, the stage from approximately age 2 to 7 in which children’s use of symbolic thinking grows, mental reasoning emerges and the use of concepts increases Private Speech speech by children that is spoken and directed to themselves serves to try out ideas, acts as a sounding board facilitates childrens thinking and helps them control their behavior serves as an important social functionAbstract modeling the process in which modeling paves the way for the development of more general rules and principles. Authoritarian Parents parents who are controlling, punitive, rigid, and cold, and whose word is law. They value strict, unquestioning obedience from their children and do not tolerate expression of disagreementAuthoritative Parents parents who are firm, setting clear and consistent limits, but who try to reason with their children, giving explanations for why they should behave in a particular way. Collectivistic Orient ation a philosophy that promotes the notion of interdependence. Constructive Play play in which children manipulate objects to produce or build something. Cooperative Play play in which children genuinely interact with one another, taking turns, playing games, or devising contests. Cycle of Violence Hypothesis the theory that the abuses and neglect that children suffer predispose them to adults to abuse and neglect their own children. Empathy an emotional response that corresponds to the feelings of another person. Functional Play play that involves simple, repetitive activities typical of 3 year olds.. Initiative VS Guilt Stage according to Erikson, the period during which children aged 3-6 experience conflict between independence of action and the sometimes negative results of that action. | | | | Onlooker Play action in which children simply watch others at play, but do not actually participate themselves. Parallel Play children play with similar toys, in a similar manner, but do not interact with each other. Permissive Parents parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children.. Psychosocial Development according to Erikson, development that encompasses changes both in the understanding individuals have of themselves as members of society and in their comprehension of the meaning of other’s behavior. Race Dissonance the phenomenon in which minority children indicate preferences for majority values or people Resilience the ability to overcome circumstances that place a child at high risk for psychological or physical damage. Self-Concept a person’s identity, or set of beliefs about what one is like as an individual. Uninvolved Parents parents who show almost no interest in their children and indifferent, rejecting behavior. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)- a learning disability marked by inattention, impulsiveness, a low tolerance for frustration, and generally a great deal of inappropriate activity. Learning Disabilities difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities. Stuttering substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech; the most common speech impairment. Concrete Operational Stage the period of cognitive development between 7 and 12 years of age, which is characterized by the active, and appropriate, use of logic. Cultural Assimilation Model the model that fostered the view of American society as the proverbial melting pot.. Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability) a significantly subaverage level of intellectual functioning that occurs with related limitations in 2 or more skill areas. Bulimia – an eating disorder characterized by binges on large quantities of food followed by purges of food through vomiting or the use of laxatives. Secondary sex characteristics – the visible signs of sexual maturity that do not directly involve the sex organs. Secular trend – a pattern of change occurring over several generations   Formal operational period – the stage at which people develop the ability to think abstractly Metacognition – the knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes and their ability to monitor their cognition Identity-versus-identity-confusion-stage – the period which teenagers seek to determine what is unique and distinctive about themselves. Sex Cleavage – sex segregation in which boys interact primarily with boys and girls interact primarily with girls Coping – the effort to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress Defensive Coping coping that involve unconscious strategies that distort or deny the nature of a situation Hardiness – a personal characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress related illness Psychosomatic disorders – medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties. Senescence- the natural physical decline brought about by aging Post formal thought – thinking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms Stereotype threat – obstacles to performance that come from awareness of stereotypes held by society about academic abilities Extrinsic motivation – the motivation that drives people to obtain tangible rewards such as money and prestige Intimacy-versus-isolation-stage – according to Erikson, a period of post adolescence into the early 30’s that focuses on developing relationships with others Intrinsic motivation – motivation that causes people to work for their own enjoyment not the rewards work may bring Marriage gradient – the tendency for men to marry women who are slightly younger, smaller, and lower in status and women to marry men that are slightly older, larger and higher in status Social clock the culturally determined psychological time piece pro viding a sense of whether we have reached the major benchmarks of life at the appropriate time in comparison to our peers Type A behavior pattern – behavior characterized by competitiveness, impatience, and a tendency toward frustration and hostility Crystallized intelligence – the accumulation of information skills, and strategies that people have learned through experience and that they can apply in problem solving situations Selective optimization – the process by which people concentrate on particular skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas Generativity versus stagnation – according to Erikson, the stage during middle age adulthood in which people consider their contributions to family and society Life events model – the approach to personality development that is based on the timing of a particular events in an adults life rather than age per se Midlife crisis – a stage of uncertainty and indecision brought about by the real ization that life is finite Sandwich generation – couples who in middle adulthood must fulfill the needs of both their children and their aging parents

How Businesses Use Learning & Memory to Affect Consumers Essay

How Businesses Use Learning & Memory to Affect Consumers - Essay Example If we look at the apple, you can directly say that it means high quality and luxury of computers, if we say it is Mercedes luxury cars and sports cars BMW means (Natale 2007 45-52). Those traders have learned to their brand, successfully using touch system and stimulus. They may even offer its popular brand for rent to other companies that are not brand ill bred with the negative image. Discussion Businesses are usually relatively little power to use punishment or negative reinforcement. However, parking meters often used to prevent consumers from taking valuable parking space and manufacturers may void your warranty if consumers take their product to unauthorized repair facility (Watkins 2006 294-303). Several factors influence effectiveness of operant learning. In general, more time effects of behavior, especially. In other words, power companies will be more likely to encourage consumers to use less electricity at peak times, when consumers actually have to pay when they used elec tricity (e.g. - slot), but not at end of month. Learning is also more likely to occur when the person can between behavior and consequences (but learning can occur even if link is not aware). Another problem is that building programs and extinction. Extinction occurs when behavior continues to have the impact on behavior and then eventually stops happening. For example, if the passenger finds that scream at check -in staff did not receive its upgrade to first class, it is likely to stop this behavior. Sometimes the person is rewarded each time you run behavior (e.g., consumer receives the non- alcoholic beverage whenever coins were introduced machine). Nevertheless, it is not necessary for learning time occurs. Even rewarded only from time to time, behavior can be studied. Several building programs are available: Fixed interval, consumer gets the free dessert every Tuesday, when he or she eats at the certain restaurant. Fixed ratio: behavior is rewarded (or punished) for each nth ti me it is performed. (For example, every tenth loyalty presented supplied free). Variable ratio: Each time the action is performed, there is some chance that be given. For example, each time user enters store, he or she receives the lottery ticket. With each ticket, there is the 20% chance to get the free burger. Consumers can get the free burger twice, or he or she can go ten times without getting the hamburger once. Variable Reinforcement Is Least Vulnerable To Extinction Sometimes training may be necessary to teach consumer desired behavior. In other words, it may be possible to directly teach consumers to adopt desired behavior. For example, user can first get the good free product (product itself, if it is good, it is the reward), then buy with the large cents off coupon, and finally buy at high prices. Thus, we are strengthening approaches desired behavior. Instead of introducing Coca -Cola directly in Indonesia, fruit soft drinks were introduced because they were more like dri nks are consumed (Anderson & Farkas 2003 88-93). Consumer does not always have to go through learning process itself; sometimes it can be learned by observing consequences of others. For example, stores can make the big deal out of bullpen continued shop is not so much because they want to stop this behavior among those who were, and to discourage behaviors in others? In addition, viewers can identify with characters in advertising that